Adult-Gerontology Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) Practice Exam

Which of the following best describes metabolic acidosis?

1. Low pH with bicarbonate ion deficit

2. Reduced blood flow to the kidneys

3. Increased urine output

4. High-frequency hearing loss

The correct answer is: Low pH with bicarbonate ion deficit

Metabolic acidosis is characterized primarily by a low pH in the blood along with a deficit of bicarbonate ions. The pH is a measure of acidity, with lower values indicating increased acidity. In metabolic acidosis, the body accumulates acids or loses bicarbonate, leading to an imbalance that results in decreased blood pH. In this condition, the bicarbonate ion, which acts as a buffer to maintain normal pH levels, is insufficient. This acidic state can arise from various conditions such as renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, or intense exercise. It is critical to recognize the role of bicarbonate in buffering and maintaining acid-base balance in the body. The other options, while they may occur in various medical conditions, do not accurately describe the fundamental characteristics of metabolic acidosis. Reduced blood flow to the kidneys may contribute to renal-related acid-base disorders, but it does not define metabolic acidosis itself. Increased urine output is typically associated with different conditions and does not relate to acid-base status. High-frequency hearing loss is unrelated to metabolic acidosis and pertains more to sensory processing or other auditory issues, rather than acid-base imbalances in the body.