Adult-Gerontology Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) Practice Exam

What is a common risk factor in patients for perioperative cardiac complications?

1. High cholesterol

2. Obesity

3. Congestive heart failure

4. High blood pressure

The correct answer is: Congestive heart failure

Congestive heart failure is a significant risk factor for perioperative cardiac complications due to the heart's impaired ability to pump effectively. Patients with congestive heart failure often have reduced cardiac reserve, meaning their hearts are less capable of handling the increased demands of surgery and anesthesia. This can lead to a higher likelihood of complications such as arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, and even heart failure exacerbations postoperatively. While conditions like high cholesterol, obesity, and high blood pressure can contribute to cardiovascular risk, congestive heart failure specifically indicates existing functional impairment of the heart, making it a more critical factor when assessing the risk for complications during the perioperative period. Understanding the patient's cardiac status prior to surgery is essential for planning safe surgical and anesthetic management.